Tomatsu essays

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Themis the Goddess of Justice

Themis the Goddess of Justice Equity is visually impaired. Themis, in Greek folklore, was the exemplification of heavenly or common law, request, and equity. Her name implies equity. She was revered as a goddess in Athens. Themis was likewise credited with knowledge and premonition or prescience (her children name, Prometheus, implies foreknowledge), and with knowing mysteries obscure even to Zeus. She was otherwise called a defender of the persecuted and a defender of accommodation. Peace? The peace which Themis ensured was in the feeling of common request or law, what was legitimate particularly identified with family or the network. Such traditions were seen as normal in source, however would today be viewed as social or social develops. In Greek, themis alluded to awesome or regular law, while nomoi to laws made by individuals and networks. Pictures of Themis: Themis was portrayed as a wonderful lady, once in a while dazzle with a wrap over her eyes, and holding a couple of scales in a single hand, a blade or cornucopia in the other. A comparable picture was utilized for the Roman goddess Iustitia (Justitia or Lady Justice). The pictures of Themis or Lady Justice blindfolded is progressively basic by the sixteenth century C.E.; seen as skilled with prescience, thered be no requirement for her to be blindfolded. Adversary and Themis shared a sanctuary at Rhamnous. The thought was that when Themis (celestial or regular law) was disregarded, at that point Nemesis would go without hesitation, as the goddess of reprisal against the individuals who submitted hubris (pomposity) in dismissing divine lawfulness. Parentage of Themis: Themis was one of the Titans, a little girl of Uranus (the sky) and Gaia (the earth). Posterity of Themis: Themis was an associate or spouse of Zeus after Metis. Their posterity were the Fates (Moirai or Moerae or Parcae) and the Hours (Horae) or Seasons. A few fantasies likewise distinguish as their posterity Astraea (another exemplification of equity), sprites of the Eridanus River, and the Hesperides. By her Titan spouse Iapetus, Themis was supposed to be the mother of Prometheus (foreknowledge), and she gave him the information that helped him to get away from the discipline of Zeus. (In certain legends, the mother of Prometheus was Clymene.) Barrier, another goddess of equity, said to be one of the girls of Themis, in early Greek portrayals would complete the choices of the Fates, choices which were over the impact even of the divine beings. Themis and Delphi Themis followed her mom Gaia in possessing the Oracle at Delphi. Some state that Themis began the Oracle. Themis in the end turned over the Delphic office some state to her sister Phoebe, others state to Apollo. Themis and the First Humans In Ovids telling, Themis helped Deucalion and Pyrrha, the main individuals, figure out how to re-populate the earth after the extraordinary overall flood. Apples of the Hesperides In the narrative of Perseus, Atlas wouldn't help Perseus since Themis had cautioned Atlas that Zeus would attempt to take the brilliant apples of the Hesperides.

Research and Development (RD)

Research and Development (RD) Companies often spend resources on certain investigative undertakings in an effort to make discoveries that can help develop new products or way of doing things or work towards enhancing pre-existing products or processes. These activities come under the Research and Development (RD) umbrella.RD is an important means for achieving future growth and maintaining a relevant product in the market. There is a misconception that RD is the domain of high tech technology firms or the big pharmaceutical companies. In fact, most established consumer goods companies dedicate a significant part of their resources towards developing new versions of products or improving existing designs. However, where most other firms may only spend less than 5 percent of their revenue on research, industries such as pharmaceutical, software or high technology products need to spend significantly given the nature of their products. © Shutterstock.com | Alexander RathsIn this article, we look at 1) types of RD, 2) understanding similar terminology, 3) making the RD decision, 4) basic RD process, 5) creating an effective RD process,  6) advantages of RD, and 7) RD challenges.TYPES OF RDA US government agency, the National Science Foundation defines three types of RD.Basic ResearchWhen research aims to understand a subject matter more completely and build on the body of knowledge relating to it, then it falls in the basic research category. This research does not have much practical or commercial application. The findings of such research may often be of potential interest to a companyApplied ResearchApplied research has more specific and directed objectives. This type of research aims to determine methods to address a specific customer/industry need or requirement. These investigations are all focused on specific commercial objectives regarding products or processes.DevelopmentDevelopment is when findings of a r esearch are utilized for the production of specific products including materials, systems and methods. Design and development of prototypes and processes are also part of this area. A vital differentiation at this point is between development and engineering or manufacturing. Development is research that generates requisite knowledge and designs for production and converts these into prototypes. Engineering is utilization of these plans and research to produce commercial products.UNDERSTANDING SIMILAR  TERMINOLOGYThere are a number of terms that are often used interchangeably. Thought there is often overlap in all of these processes, there still remains a considerable difference in what they represent. This is why it is important to understand these differences.RDThe creation of new body of knowledge about existing products or processes, or the creation of an entirely new product is called RD. This is systematic creative work, and the resulting new knowledge is then used to formulat e new materials or entire new products as well as to alter and improve existing onesInnovationInnovation includes either of two events or a combination of both of them. These are either the exploitation of a new market opportunity or the development and subsequent marketing of a technical invention. A technical invention with no demand will not be an innovation.New Product DevelopmentThis is a management or business term where there is some change in the appearance, materials or marketing of a product but no new invention. It is basically the conversion of a market need or opportunity into a new product or a product upgradeDesignWhen an idea is turned into information which can lead to a new product then it is called design. This term is interpreted differently from country to country and varies between analytical marketing approaches to a more creative process.Product DesignMisleadingly thought of as the superficial appearance of a product, product design actually encompasses a lot more. It is a cross functional process that includes market research, technical research, design of a concept, prototype creation, final product creation and launch. Usually, this is the refinement of an existing product rather than a new product.MAKING THE RD DECISIONInvestment in RD can be extensive and a long term commitment. Often, the required knowledge already exists and can be acquired for a price. Before committing to investment in RD, a company needs to analyze whether it makes more sense to produce their own knowledge base or acquire existing work. The influence of the following factors can help make this decision.ProprietarinessIf the nature of the research is such that it can be protected through patents or non-disclosure agreements, then this research becomes the sole property of the company undertaking it and becomes much more valuable. Patents can allow a company several years of a head start to maximize profits and cement its position in the market. This sort of sit uation justifies the cost of the RD process. On the other hand, if the research cannot be protected, then it may be easily copied by a competitor with little or no monetary expense. In this case, it may be a good idea to acquire research.TimingSetting up a RD wing only makes sense if the market growth rate is slow or relatively moderate. In a fast paced environment, competitors may rush ahead before research has been completed, making the entire process useless.RiskBecause of its nature, RD is not always a guaranteed success commercially. In this regard, it may be desirable to acquire the required research to convert it into necessary marketable products. There is significantly less risk in acquisition as there may be an opportunity to test the technology out before formally purchasing anything.CostConsidering the long term potential success of a product, acquiring technology is less risky but more costly than generating own research. This is because license fees or royalties may ne ed to be paid and there may even be an arrangement that requires payments tied to sales figures and may continue for as long as the license period. There is also the danger of geographical limitations or other restrictive caveats. In addition, if the technology changes mid license, all the investment will become a sunk cost. Setting up RD has its own costs associated with it. There needs to be massive initial investment that leads to negative cash flow for a long time. But it does protect the company from the rest of the limitations of acquiring research.All these aspects need to be carefully assessed and a pros vs. cons assessment needs to be conducted before the make or buy decision is finalized.BASIC RD PROCESSThe RD may take months or years to yield fruitful results. Manufacturers of a variety of products utilize this process for new product development and innovation. Though each company or industry may have its own unique research methodology, a basic research process will for m the framework for it. Foster IdeasAt this point the research team may sit down to brainstorm. The discussion may start with an understanding and itemization of the issues faced in their particular industry and then narrowed down to important or core areas of opportunity or concern.Focus IdeasThe initial pool of ideas is vast and may be generic. The team will then sift through these and locate ideas with potential or those that do not have insurmountable limitations. At this point the team may look into existing products and assess how original a new idea is and how well it can be developed.Develop IdeasOnce an idea has been thoroughly researched, it may be combined with a market survey to assess market readiness. Ideas with true potential are once again narrowed down and the process of turning research into a marketable commodity begins.Prototypes and TrialsResearchers may work closely with product developers to understand and agree on how an idea may be turned into a practical product. As the process ite rates, the prototype complexity may start to increase and issues such as mass production and sales tactics may begin to enter the process.Regulatory, Marketing Product Development ActivitiesAs the product takes shape, the process that began with RD divides into relevant areas necessary to bring the research product to the market. Regulatory aspects are assessed and work begins to meet all the criteria for approvals and launch. The marketing function begins developing strategies and preparing their materials while sales, pricing and distribution are also planned for.LaunchThe product that started as a research question will now be ready for its biggest test, the introduction to the market. The evaluation of the product continues at this stage and beyond, eventually leading to possible re-designs if needed. At any point in this process the idea may be abandoned. Its feasibility may be questioned or the research may not reveal what the business hoped for. It is therefore important to analyze each idea critically at every stage and not become emotionally invested in anything.CREATING AN EFFECTIVE RD  PROCESSA formal RD function adds great value to any organization. It can significantly contribute towards organizational growth and sustained market share. However, all business may not have the necessary resources to set up such a function. In such cases, or in organizations where a formal RD function is not really required, it is a good idea to foster an RD mindset. When all employees are encouraged to think creatively and with a research oriented thought process, they all feel invested in the business and there will be the possibility of innovation and unique ideas and solutions. This mindset can be slowly inculcated within the company by following the steps mentioned below.Assess Customer NeedsIt is a good idea to regularly scan and assess the market and identify whether the company’s offering is doing well or if it is in trouble. If it is successful, encourage employees to identify reasons for success so that these can then be used as benchmarks or best practices. If the product is not doing well, then encourage teams to research reasons why. Perhaps a competitor is offering a better solution or perhaps the product cannot meet the customer’s needs effectively.Identify ObjectivesAllow your employees to see clearly what the business objectives are. The end goal for a commercial enterprise is to enhance profits. If this is the case, then all research the employees engage in should focus on reaching this goal while fulfilling a customer need.Define and Design ProcessesA definite project management process helps keep formal and informal research programs on schedule. Realistic goals and targets help focus the process and ensures that relevant and realistic timelines are decided upon.Create a TeamA team may need to be created if a specific project is on the agenda. This team should be cross functional and will be able to work towards a speci fic goal in a systematic manner. If the surrounding organizational environment also has a research mindset then they will be better prepared and suited to assist the core team when ever needed.OutsourceWhenever needed, it may be a good idea to outsource research projects. Universities and specific research organizations can help achieve research objectives that may not be manageable within a limited organizational budget.ADVANTAGES OF RDThough setting up an RD function is not an easy task by any means, it has its unique advantages for the organization. These include the following.Tax breaksResearch and Development expenses are often tax deductible. This depends on the country of operations of course but a significant write-off can be a great way to offset large initial investments. But it is important to understand what kind of research activities are deductible and which ones are not. Generally, things like market research or an assessment of historical information are not deductib le.CostsA company can use research to identify leaner and more cost effective means of manufacturing. This reduction in cost can either help provide a more reasonably priced product to the customer or increase the profit margin.FinancingWhen an investor sets out to put their resources into any company, they tend to prefer those who can become market leaders and innovate constantly. An effective RD function goes a long way in helping to achieve these objectives for a company. Investors see this as a proactive approach to business and they may end up financing the costs associated with maintaining this RD function.RecruitmentTop talent is also attracted to innovative companies doing exciting things. With a successful Research and Development function, qualified candidates will be excited to join the company.PatentsThrough RD based developments, companies can acquire patents for their products. These can help them gain market advantage and cement their position in the industry. This on e time product development can lead to long term profits.RD CHALLENGESRD also has many challenges associated with it. These may include the following.High CostsInitial setup costs as well as continued investment are necessary to keep research work cutting edge and relevant. Not all companies may find it feasible to continue this expenditure.Increased TimescalesOnce a commitment to RD is made, it may take many years for the actual product to reach the market and a number of years will be filled with no return on continued heavy investment.Uncertain ResultsNot all research that is undertaken yields results. Many ideas and solutions are scrapped midway and work has to start from the beginning.Market ConditionsThere is always the danger that a significant new invention or innovation will render years of research obsolete and create setbacks in the industry with competitors becoming front runners for the customer’s business.It is important for any business to understand the advantages and disadvantages of engaging in Research and Development activities. Once these are studied, then the step can be taken towards becoming and RD organization.In the meanwhile, it is good practice to inculcate a research mind set and research oriented thinking within all employees, no matter what their functional area of expertise. This will help bring about new ideas, new solutions and an innovative way of approaching all business problems, whether small or large.

Airbus and Boeing a Comparison - 1605 Words

aIRBUS AND bOEING: a cOMPARISON by Jeffrey Everette Hardee A Paper Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for PUP 598 - Air Transportation and Regulation ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY September 2004 It may be argued that the next major challenge in the business of air transportation, beyond the invention of heavier-than-air flight and jet-powered planes, is the worldwide separation of the market between two mega-corporations. Airbus and Boeing currently dominate about 90% of the air transportation market with very few major competitors on the horizon. However, Canadian-based Bombardier is creeping up in its business jet market share of 27% (Bombardier press release, 12/4/2003). The competition between Airbus†¦show more content†¦This agreement is currently being renegotiated further in an attempt to eliminate all government subsidies. The US continues to charge Airbus with an unfair advantage, while the EU has charged Boeing with receiving equal, if indirect, subsidies. If these negotiations fail, both parties have indicated their willingness to take their case to the World Trade Organization (WTO) for arbitration, but industry insiders believe tha t this is an empty threat as both companies would benefit the most without WTO oversight. The newest models in production by Airbus and Boeing represent their competing views of the future of the industry. The Airbus A380 is their solution to growing traffic between major hubs. Their plans for the A380 signify their current goals of reducing operating costs, increasing range, reducing fuel burn, and reducing noise and emissions (Airbus, Aircraft Families – Introduction A380 Family). The Boeing 7E7 is their solution for non-stop flights between secondary cities. Boeing’s goals for the 7E7 are to bring â€Å"big-jet ranges to mid-size airplanes†, burn 20% less fuel while traveling at Mach 0.85, an emphasis on passenger comfort to include higher humidity rates in the passenger area, and a composite material body with open architecture systems (Boeing, Boeing 7E7 Dreamliner Will Provide New Solutions for Airlines, Passengers). These differing approaches highlig ht each companiesShow MoreRelatedBackground of Boeing Corporation647 Words   |  3 PagesBackground- The Boeing Corporation is one of the United States largest exporters and is a predominant aerospace and defense corporation. Boeing is the worlds largest global aircraft manufacturer (by deliveries and revenue), and the second-largest defense and aerospace contractor (Defense Contractor Ranking, 2008). Airbus is an aircraft manufacturing subsidiary of EADS, a European aerospace company. It is a merged consortium of several aircraft manufacturers, and is based in France. Airbus is continuallyRead MoreBoeing vs Airbus: Who is in the Lead?705 Words   |  3 PagesBoeing occupied 57% of the world’s existing fleet in 1992 where one-third of total revenues came from military aircraft and remaining two-third came from commercial aircraft. By the end of 1992, Boeing had delivered total 7183 commercial aircraft into the global aviation market. These included 59% of short-to-medium range aircrafts (727 737), 27.7% of medium-to-long range aircrafts (707,757 767) and 13.3% of long range aircrafts (747). For the other case, Airbus occupied 16% of the world’s existingRead MoreBoeing s Product Is Planes Essay1597 Words   |  7 Pagesaircrafts include commercial airplanes freight airplanes, and Boeing Business Jets (BBJ). All of Boeing’s aircrafts stem from their five jet families: 737, 747, 767, 777, 787 (Boeing, 2016). Each family differs in size, engine, build, range, and capacity in order to meet the needs of all Boeing customers. The commercial section of Boeing aircraft focuses on mass transit of passengers and has a jet from each of the five families offered (Boeing, 2016). The commercial airplanes range from small 50 personRead MoreBusiness Analysis : Aerospace Industries Association ( Aia )1681 Words   |  7 Pages The Boeing Aircraft Company has dominated the commercial aircraft market for decades. â€Å"Boeing delivered a record-setting 723 commercial airplanes in 2014, holding its status as the world’s largest airplane manufacturer for the third consecutive year. Boeing’s wide body airplanes – 747-8, 767, 777, and 787 Dreamliner – accounted for more than 60% of all twin-aisle deliveries last year, and the single-aisle Next-Generation 737 program delivered a record 485 airplanes. In 2014, Boeing bookedRead MoreAnalysis Of Boeing Company And Aerospace And Defence Industry Within Industrial Goods Sector1045 Words   |  5 PagesPart Three: Analysis of Company Accounts Section 3.1 Introduction All three companies under analysis in this part of the report including Airbus Group, the Boeing Company and Lockheed Martin are operating in aerospace and defence industry within industrial goods sector. Financial performance of Boeing is assessed by analysing a series of ratios measuring the efficiency, liquidity, economic value added and profitability of the company accounts. For the reason that ratio may be of little meaningRead MoreA Case Of Airbus : The Key Drivers For Globalisation917 Words   |  4 PagesA case of Airbus Introduction Globalisation describes a process when capital, domestic product and labour markets become more integrated across national boundaries. The key drivers for globalisation are: the advances in transport and communication, the increasing level of international trade and labour has become more internationally mobile (Anonymous, 2007). As a result of globalisation, more and more businesses are setting up or buying operations in different nations. When a foreign company investsRead MoreBoeing Based On My Real World Job With The Federal Aviation Administration1718 Words   |  7 PagesFor this assignment, my decision to write about Boeing is based on my real-world job with the Federal Aviation Administration and the fact that I process pounds of mail from them on a weekly basis. Company History The story of Boeing started in a Seattle, WA shipyard in March 1910, but the company didn’t get its official start until July 1916. Throughout Boeing’s history, it has been closely associated with military aviation, through its early foray into air mail delivery eventually gave birthRead MoreFinancial Analysis for Boeing1336 Words   |  6 Pagesthe brief history of Boeing, the company was first founded in Puget Sound, Washington in 1916 by William Edward Boeing. After sucessfully selling military aircrafts adapted for troop transportation in the 1950’s and introducing commercial aircrafts model 707, 727 followed by 737, Boeing has since then become a leading producer of military commercial aircraft. After a few number of mergers acquisitions to become the world’s largest, most diversified aerospace company, Boeing enterprise now include:Read MoreFinancial Analysis And Management : Boeing And Airbus 83699 Words   |  15 Pages Financial Analysis and Management â€Æ' Table of Contents Background of Boeing and Airbus 3 Identifying Key Stakeholders 3 Analysis of the disclosure regime 4 ROE and ROC 4 Investment returns analysis 7 Capital structure analysis 7 Financial comparison of Boeing and Airbus 8 Dividend Payout ratio 8 Conclusion 8 References 8 â€Æ' Executive Summary In an inevitably competitive worldwide business, organizations need to perceive the need to oversee scarce financial assets to build productivity whileRead MoreThe Impact of the A380 Project on the Financial Performance of EADS16541 Words   |  67 PagesDr. Britt Aronsson and the course coordinator Dr. Klaus Solberg. Abstract Airbus has been making headlines in the past few months for all the wrong reasons. This iconic European corporation has undergone a turbulent period due to the problems surrounding the Airbus A380 project. A new flagship product that should have curved out an unassailable advantage for Airbus over Boeing went completely wrong. The Airbus A380 aircraft was a ground breaking concept that was meant to push EADS into a unique

The Rhetorical Analysis Of Otto Plaths Father - 1224 Words

The speaker continues to address her father directly, commenting â€Å"You stand at the blackboard, daddy,† while looking at a picture she owns of him. This also connects back to the actual Otto Plath, who was a professor at Boston University. In the picture, the father has â€Å"A cleft in your chin instead of your foot† which references how the devil has cleft feet. She sees that he is â€Å"But no less a devil for that, no not† and that she sees him as the devil. Plath uses enjambment when she ends the line with â€Å"no not/Any less the black man who///Bit my pretty red heart in two.† he description of her heart being â€Å"bit in two† brings up an image of a heart being broken or split in half, just as the enjambment splits up the idea between the lines and†¦show more content†¦The â€Å"Meinkampf† look refers to Hitler’s autobiography â€Å"Mein Kampf† and just like she saw Hitler and the Nazis in her father, this new man has the same look, and serves as a living substitute for her to hate. Not only is this man like a Nazi, he also has â€Å"a love of the rack and the screw.† The rack is a torture device designed to pull the limbs of the victim, and the â€Å"screw† refers to a thumbscrew. Like her father, this man is a â€Å"brute† who is violent and powerful, and like the women she previously criticized, she falls in love with him, a fascist because â€Å"Every woman adores a Fascist.† She continues, â€Å"And I said I do, I do.† marrying him and saying the wedding vows. She then addresses her father, saying â€Å"So daddy, I’m finally through./The black telephone’s off at the root,/The voices just can’t worm through.† Although she marries a man based off her father, she believes that she has finally escaped him. The color black, which she has used to describe her father, and her husband, and now the phone, evokes images of dea th. She describes the telephone to communicate with her father as being â€Å"off at the root,† which references how she previously could never find his foot or root, but is now content with ending her search. The use of â€Å"worms† also relates back to the idea of death, and how there are most likely worms around his grave, but these worms will not affect herShow MoreRelatedMutilating Self Into Spirit: Sylvia Plaths Poems.4131 Words   |  17 PagesSylvia Plath’s poems: Translation of the self into spirit, after an ordeal of mutilation. Introduction of the poems and the essay: * â€Å"Daddy† Sylvia Plath uses her poem, â€Å"Daddy†, to express intense emotions towards her father’s life and death and her disastrous relationship with her husband. The speaker in this poem is Sylvia Plath who has lost her father at age ten, at a time when she still adored him unconditionally. Then she gradually realizes the oppressing dominance of her father, and comparesRead MorePoem Analysis of Lady Lazarus by Sylvia Plath3011 Words   |  13 PagesPoem Analysis: Lady Lazarus In American culture, suicide is considered to be one of the darkest taboos. It has the particular quality of being equally gripping and repulsive. Although suicide is seen as overtly morbid, gruesome and disturbing, it has made many people famous. Sylvia Plath, the illustrious 20th century poetess, is one of them. Sylvia Plath was born on October 27th, 1932 of two parents in a middleclass household in Boston. At a very young age, she demonstrated great literary talent

Definition Of Hiv And Aids Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(34) " to put more discoloration on it\." I have chosen the subject of HIV/AIDS. In this written assignment, Firstly, I will get down by presenting what are HIV and AIDS and the influence of them. Second, I will bring forth some figure of the universe and besides in Hong Kong. We will write a custom essay sample on Definition Of Hiv And Aids Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Then, I will utilize the biopsychosocial theoretical account to depict the causes of HIV. Last but non rent, I will discourse the wellness publicity and Motivation Strategies. 2. Definition of HIV and AIDS: Definition of HIV The short term of Human Immunodeficiency Virus is called HIV which is a virus and it is reported by Dr. Luc Montagnier in 1983. They can non reproduce and turn by themselves, they have to trust on a life being and infect the cell of them in order to retroflex. Viruss normally are found and killed by the human immune system rapidly, nevertheless, HIV could straight assail the human immune system which would impact our organic structure wellness and can non acquire rid of a virus. Definition of AIDS AIDS – Acquires Immune Deficiency Syndrome which is caused by inflexion of HIV which would destruct the human ability to contend with the diseases and malignant neoplastic diseases. AIDS is non a individual disease and it combine with timeserving infection which would occupy the unrecorded organic structure easy when the immune system is destroyed. Peoples with HIV are non equal to infect AIDS. For the people who inflect HIV can besides stay hibernating in organic structure for several old ages. During the average incubation period, for grownup, it would take ten old ages to develop AIDS on norm. And a batch of people with HIV may be unaware of their inflexion position and look healthy. 3. Influence For the people who have infected HIV are they are higher hazard to acquire septic and malignances because the immune system is harm which is called ‘opportunistic infects ‘ . The most common HIV-related timeserving infections and diseases includes the bacterial diseases and protozoal diseases, fungous diseases, Viral diseases and HIV-associated malignances. There are different status would look in different phase of HIV infection. For the first phase patient, they have higher rate to infect TB, bacterial pneumonia, malaria, staphylococcal tegument infections, herpes shingles and blood poisoning and more hard to retrieve. For the ulterior phase of the patient, the immune system is being more and more weak, it is easier for them to infect PCP, cryptococcosis and toxoplasmosis which can be fatal. 4. Figure of HIV/AIDS HIV is a planetary epidemic. They affect different state of the universe. It could hold negative effects in households, communities and the whole states. From the above saloon chart, we can happen that the figure of people populating with HIV addition from 8 million in1990 to 34 million in 2010. Besides, in recent old ages, the overall figure of growing of the epidemic has become more stable and the one-year figure of the new inflexion has continuously decreased because of the increasing figure of people has received antiretroviral therapy. Furthermore, AID-related deceases figure has besides lessening. From the above saloon chart, it is clearly to see the bulk people populating with HIV is largely unrecorded in low and in-between income states, particularly Sub-Saharan Africa where has two-thirds of all septic people of the whole universe which carries the greatest load of the epidemic. Besides, South and South-East Asia is the 2nd highest figure of people who are infected HIV. Figure in Hong Kong This research is done by The Virtual AIDS Office ( VAO ) of Hong Kong. In Hong Kong, the first instance of HIV infection was reported in 1984. From the above artworks, we would happen that the figure of instance of people infected HIV maintain on increasing in recent old ages. The figure of instances has a mild bead in 2009 and 2010, nevertheless, the figure of instance in 2011 addition to a record high of 438 instances. Besides, it is clearly to happen the most inflexion were in grownup, male and Chinese. In 2011, there is 79 % of the reported instances were work forces and 66 % of reported instances is Chinese and the 83 % of the reported instances aged between 20-49 which is the highest. This pie chart show the suspected path of HIV transmittal in 2011, we would happen that the big proportion of people acquiring septic HIV is from sexual transmittal which includes 39 % of homosexual, 27 % of heterosexual and 4 % of bisexual. Besides, 3.5 % is infected from blood contact which includes contaminated blood, blood merchandises and acerate leafs. 5. Causes Biological Causes Transmission of HIV – Sexual contact During the sexual contact, the seeds or vaginal discharge of the inflected spouse would straight in contact with the mucose membrane of the male and female ‘s generative organ. Therefore, homosexual and homosexual contact can convey HIV, such as vaginal, unwritten or anal sex. And the hazard of HIV transmittal would increase when there is ulcer and blood during the sexual contact. Blood contact HIV would be transmitted by contaminated blood, blood merchandises and acerate leafs because there is the high concentration of HIV in blood of the people inflected. It is common to happen that blood-borne transmittal of HIV frequently occurs when the drug users who infected HIV portion the acerate leafs with others. Besides, we would happen some instances in the wellness attention puting, such as needlestick hurts and the HIV transfuse to the blood or blood merchandise. Mother to infant infection During gestation, bringing or breasting eating, there is 15-40 % alteration that HIV can convey the baby if the female parent is infected. Psychological Causes There are a batch of psychological causes would increase the hazard of HIV. For illustrations, the personal depression, self-destructive ideas, deficiency of slumber would take to an addition of emphasis and may do some psychiatric jobs which would decelerate down our immune systems and we have to put more discoloration on it. You read "Definition Of Hiv And Aids Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" Besides, for the people who have infected HIV it would take to high HIV viral tonss. Furthermore, addition of emphasis will do a batch of jobs. When people acquiring more and more nerve-racking, some people may take to travel to the recreational topographic point to loosen up themselves, such as clubbing, saloon and game centre. It is easier for them to run into some bad friend and they may misdirect them to take the drugs or have the sexual relation which would increase the hazard of HIV transmittal, such as blood contact and sexual contact. In add-on, for the people who have infected HIV, eating wont would besides impact the procedure from HIV to AIDS which is base on the diet of the patient. It would be faster if the patient is malnourished. Sociological Causes – For the underdeveloped state In the underdeveloped state, there is a deficiency of antiretroviral interventions and hapless wellness attention system which leads to the rate of people septic HIV remains in a high degree. Peoples in the development states are unawareness of HIV, For the modern society In the modern society, people are more open-minded. A batch of people may take to travel to the nine or saloon to loosen up after work and they may believe there is nil job to hold sex with person and it would take to an addition to the figure of people acquiring sexual contact. -Media The mass media ever play the cardinal function of the whole society and it would impact the head of the citizen. In the modern society, one of the causes that people acquiring more and more open-minded is affect by the media. Although they are non aim to direct whose messages to them, but when they watch the films or a Television programmes that the histrions can easy hold the sexual relation to others or they are taking drugs which would straight impact their head and they may desire to copy. It would increase the hazard of infect HIV through blood contact and sexual contact. 6. Health publicity – Information and instruction The effectual AIDS programme should advance the information and proviso of instruction which is the cardinal requirements. It should cover the all sectors of the society and educate them in a manner that they can easy understand and acceptable. Besides, it should be put attempt continuously to accomplish the result. HIV and AIDS instruction in schools For educating the immature about HIV and AIDS, the most common topographic point is to larn from school which is a important scene to educate the immature. School normally pays an of import function in determining the young person ‘s attitudes, sentiments and behaviour. Therefore, learning in school about the biological facets of HIV and AIDS is ideal environment for learning the societal. HIV and AIDS instruction in the workplace To forestall HIV/AIDS, the cardinal location is to educate them in the workplace. It is an of import manner to give them the information about what are HIV/AIDS, the causes and some bar. Besides, learning them at the workplace can make people who have non larn it before at school. Furthermore, there are some researches found that there are nine out of 10 people who are infected HIV are working. Therefore, supplying instruction at the workplace can assist the people live healthier. For the authorities, they can advance some plans of the International Labour Organization ( ILO ) for some company to fall in. One of the purpose of the International Labour Organization is to advance different prevent solutions at the workplace and back up the workers with HIV, such as supplying intervention and attention. -HIV and AIDS instruction through the mass media Besides the other effectual manner is educating the populace through the mass media. Mass media ever play the cardinal function in a batch of states in respond to HIV and AIDS. For illustration, UK authorities in order to raise the consciousness of the populace about the HIV and AIDS, they use the progamme called ‘blanket instruction ‘ which make good usage of the mass media that can cover the whole society, and it is truly successful in advancing HIV and AIDS. -Clinical and support service Information and instruction is non sufficient to inform to public. The most critical measure is to supply the guidance, advice, medical interventions and support services which should besides cover the whole society, particularly for whole who are high hazard to infect HIV, such as the drugs users, commercial sex workers. These interventions and services are both indispensable to the AIDS programme which can contend against the disease. For illustration, for the bar of sexual Transmission of HIV, there are some sexually transmitted diseases ( STD ) clinics can advance some AIDS information and instruction to be informed to the patients, such as inform the people who have high hazard of infecting HIV should hold a regular trial. Besides, an effectual AIDS programme should develop some wellness professional to supply effectual interventions to the patients. 7. Motivation Schemes -For the people who have non inflect HIV To forestall sexual contact Apart from abstention, safe sex should be reciprocally monogamous sexual relationship with an clean individual. If you do non cognize your spouse is affected or non, you should utilize the rubbers from the beginning whatever which types of sexual intercourse. Using rubbers can cut down the hazard of infecting HIV. To protect yourself and to love your sexual spouse, rubbers have to utilize decently and systematically. To forestall blood contact For drug user: There are 4 things that they can make to forestall the blood contact. First, they should avoid taking drugs and every bit shortly as possible to seek the drug intervention and rehabilitation services. Second, if person can non avoid taking drug instantly, the shooting method of taking drugs should be adopted and they should fall in the dolophine hydrochloride intervention programme. Third, if the drug users can non halt to shooting drugs, they should non portion panpipes and acerate leafs to other and they should utilize once-only panpipes and acerate leafs. Last, if the drugs users do non hold their ain syringe and acerate leafs, they should utilize bleach to unclutter the syringe twice and twice with H2O to avoid infection. For wellness attention workers: In the wellness attention puting, wellness attention workers are easier to hold some blood borne diseases such as HIV through needlestick hurt. If the accident occurs, to cut down the hazard of infection, first-aid direction is really of import. Furthermore, the most effectual manner to cut down the hazard of infection is to utilize cosmopolitan safeguards to all patients, such as have oning the protective barriers and rinsing manus often. To forestall female parent to infant infection For the adult females who are sing holding a babe or have been pregnant, if they are suspected to be infected with HIV, they should speak to their physicians or the AIDS counsellor and should hold an HIV antibody trial. Furthermore, to forestall mother-to-child transmittal, there is a manner to utilize antiretroviral drugs which can cut down the hazard of the kid acquiring septic HIV. For the people infected HIV: Have the Medical direction of HIV infection Although from now on, there is no such method to root up the disease, but there is some intervention have been made of AIDS. It includes two types, one is the antiretroviral drugs acceptance which can command the activities of the HIV, aid to reconstruct the unsusceptibility maps and minimise the harmful consequence of the virus. The other 1 is to hold some intervention and prophylaxis to minimise the hazard of timeserving infection. Using the above methods can better the wellness of the septic people and better their measure of life and endurance in people. Therefore, for the people infected, they should hold the regular medical followup for monitoring of the disease, so that the wellness attention professional can follow the instances. It can observe the complications earlier and have appropriate intervention which can better the endurance alteration. Control your emotion When the patients face the unwellness of HIV/AIDS, they must experience fear, uncertainness, guilt, anxiousness, choler and depression. However, it may something decline the state of affairs. Therefore, they should non deny their feeling. Ventilation of feeling may assist them to deciding the emotional job. You may portion your feeling and concern to person you trust. They may besides seek to derive reding support, there will be the societal worker to assist you. 8. Decision To reason, from the above transitions, we would establish that the figure of people acquiring septic HIV is remind in a high degree. And the causes can divide into the biological, such as the transmittal of HIV, psychological, such as the emphasis and eating wont and sociological causes which depend on the different states and society. Furthermore, there is some wellness publicity which should educate the populace and supply some clinical intervention and services to them. Last, we have discussed the motive schemes which design for the people have non inflected and the patient with HIV. And I believe that with the above methods, the jobs of HIV/AIDS would be improved in foreseeable farther. 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Introduction to Market Research Essay Example Essay Example

Introduction to Market Research Essay Example Paper Essay Introduction to Market Research Essay Introduction 1. is conducted to address a specific marketing decision for a specific firm of organization a) basic marketing research b) qualitative marketing research c) Quantitative marketing research d) Applied marketing research 2. Which of the following refers the way researcher go about using knowledge and evidence to reach objective conclusion about the real world a) Qualitative method b) Quantitative method c) Scientific method d) Primary method 3. The characteristic of data reflecting how pertinent these particular facts are the situation at hand is called a) Relevance b) Timeliness ) Completeness d) Significance 4. Which of the following is a subset of data and info that actually has some explanatory power enabling effective decision to be made a) Knowledge b) Intellectual capital c) Market Intelligence d) Decision support system 5. Which type of research is being conducted when a researcher conducts an experiment to answer the question? â€Å"Will consumer purchase more of our brand if we change the package design? a) Causal research b) Exploratory research c) Pilot study research d) Descriptive research 6. Which of the following means that something has been examine against reality using data? ) Causality b) Manipulation c) Empirical testing d) Spurious association 7. A research organization that specialized in the studies about advertising effectiveness is an example of a(n) a) Cross-functional team b) Standardized research service c) Research generalist d) Advocacy research organization 8. In a personal interview a respondent who replies â€Å"I don’t want to answer that question about my income last year. † Is exercising which right in a research? a) Right to privacy b) Right to be informed c) Right to informed consent d) Right to terminate the interview anytime 9. When a marketing manager conducts a test market but have already decided to ignore the result if they don’t support a nation launch of the product, is an example of a) Pseudo -research study b) A pretest c) A forecast analysis d) Informed consent 10. All of following are situation that often call for quantitative research, except a) When it is difficult to develop specific and actionable decision statement b) When conclusive evidence is desired c) When researchers want to learn how consumers use a product in natural settings d) When a fresh approach to study some problem is needed 1. Which qualitative research orientation in philosophy and psychology? a) Phenomenology b) Grounded theory c) Ethnography d) Anthropology 12. Which of the following is the most common size of a focus group? a) 1-2 b) 3-5 c) 6-10 d) 12-20 13. Which of the following is particular approach to probing that asks respondents to compare difference between brands at different levels? a) Interrogating b) Immersion c) Linking d) Laddering 14. Stella was asked to look at a picture of a woman sitting on a deserted beach and to describe what was happening in the picture. Essay Body Paragraphs to Market Research Essay Body Paragraphs She was then asked to tell what might happen next Stella was participating in a(n) a) Aptitude test b) Focus interview c) Thematic apperception test d) Focus blog 15. All of the following are common reason why secondary data don’t adequately satisfied research need, except: a) Outdated information b) Too expensive c) Variation in definition of terms d) Different units of measurement 16. Secondary data that originate inside the organization are called a) First order data b) Internal and proprietary c) Exclusive data d) Internal and valid data 17. When a research study is not conducted according to the plan in the proposal for the research study what kind of error is divided has occurred? a) Random sampling error b) Systematic error – non random sampling error c) Respondent error d) Implementation error 18. Systematic error is divided into which to general categories? a) Respondent error and administrative error b) Random sampling error and administrative error c) Respons e bias and interview error d) Primary error and secondary error 19. The tendency for respondents to agree with most question in a survey is known as a) Auspices bias ) Interviewer bias c) Extremity bias d) Acquiescence bias 20. â€Å"Can you tell me more about what do you mean by that? † it is an example of a) A mall intercept b) A self administered questionnaire c) A probe d) The drop off method 21. Which of the following survey method over the lowest degree of respondent’s anonymity? a) Telephone interview b) Mail survey c) Mall intercept interview d) Internet survey 22. Observing a person television viewing habit is an example of which type of observation? a) Verbal records b) Expressive behavior c) Physical actions d) Physical objects 23. All of the following can not be observed except a) Intentions b) Attitudes c) Physical behavior d) Feelings 24. Measuring the distances visitors stand from a painting in a VAN GOUGH exhibit at the same Louis Art Museum is an examp le of what type of observation? a) Verbal behavior b) Temporal patterns c) Expressive behavior d) Spatial relations 25. When a researcher analyze the content of advertisement appearing on cartoons on a Saturday morning in terms of the types of characters that appears in ads, this is an example of what type of observation a) Contrived analysis b) Content analysis c) Indirect analysis ) Entrapment 26. When an airline passenger (who is really an employee of the airlines) complain loudly about his not being serve a vegetarian. Girls saw that he can note the behavior of the fight attendant in this type of situation, this is an example of what type of situation a) Content analysis b) Indirect c) Contrived d) Response latency 27. A researcher is conducting an experiment in which one group of people is exposed to an advertisement and another group is exposed to another advertisement. He is examining the effect of headline font size on consumers attitude towards the brands advertise. The par ticipants in this experiment research are refereed to as a) Respondents b) Elements c) Factorials d) Subjects 28. Categorical variable like a subject gender/ethnicity are known as which type of variable in experimental research? a) Blocking variable b) Covariates c) Main variable d) Confounds 29. All of the following are experimental design issues expect a) Select and design of subjects to treatments b) Control over extraneous variable c) Manipulation of the independent variable d) Manipulation of the dependent variable 30. Which of the following means that there is an alternative explanation beyond the experimental variables for any observe difference in the dependent variable? a) Confound b) Interaction c) Randomization d) Repeated measures 31. Which term refers to an experimental design element that unintentionally provides subject with hints about the research hypothesis? a) Demand characteristic b) Hawthorne effect c) Testing effect d) Confounding effect 32. Which experimental design involves manipulating a single independent variable to observe its effect on a single dependent variable? a) A primary experimental design b) Basic experimental design ) Factorial experimental design d) Counterbalanced experimental design 33. When sales people are tested one year after a sales training program and perform better on the exam, not because of the training program, but because they have gained one years experience in sales, this is an example of a a) Selection effect b) Maturation effect c) History effect d) Cohort effect 34. The question ask to whether the independent variables was the sale cause of the change in the dependent variable is the basic issue in a) A reputed measures study b) Interval validity c) A matching study d) External validity 35. ____ is the process of describing some property of a phenomenon, usually by assigning numbers, in a reliable and valid way a) A research b) Analysis c) Validation d) Measurement 36. Which type of scale is, at the mos t, a ranking scale? a) Radio b) Interval c) Nominal (female, male) d) Ordinal (order) 37. Which type of validity addresses the question, â€Å"does my measure correlate with measures of similar concepts or known quantitative? a) Face validity b) Reliability validity c) Criterion validity d) Discriminant validity 38. â€Å"I hate asparagus† is an example of which component of an attitude toward asparagus? a) Effective b) Behavioral ) Cognitive d) Perception 39. All of the following are disadvantages of open ended response question, except a) Cost b) Interviewer bias c) The info provided by responses isn’t useful to decision makers d) Articulate individuals give a large share of response 40. â€Å"What is your favorite hobby, playing video games or what? † is an example of what type of question? a) Loaded b) Pivot c) Filter d) Leading 41. A single element or group elements that is eligible for selection via the sampling process is called a a) Sampling panel b) Sa mpling unit c) Sampling error d) Sampling quota 42. As sample size _, random sampling error _ ) Increases, increases b) Decreases, decreases c) Increases, Decreases d) Increases, remains unchanged 43. In which type of sampling those every element in the population have a known nonzero probability of selection? a) Absolute sampling b) Relative sampling c) Non probability sampling d) Probability sampling 44. If a researcher for Procter and gamble selects 5 states randomly, and then select 10 supermarkets chains which of there states to call for a phone survey for a test market of a new shampoo, what type of sampling procedure is being used? a) Systematic sample b) Sample random error c) Nonprobability sample ) Cluster sample 45. Measures computed from sample data are called a) Sample statistic b) Population parameters c) Sample frequencies d) Normalized scores 46. Which type of errors occurs when the researcher concludes a relationship exist when in fact one does not exist? a) Type 1 b) Type 2 c) Type 3 d) Type 4 47. A researchers hypothesis that males and females differ when respect to attitude towards sport sponsorship. To investigate this hypothesis that these 2 groups attitude differ, he will use a) Bivariate test of differences b) Univariate test of differences c) Multivariate test of differences d) Cluster analysis 48. Which test is appropriate comparing the score of 2 internal variables drawn from related populations? a) Anova b) Relative t-test c) Relative C2-test d) Pair-sample t-test 49. Which test should be used when comparing the means of 3 groups to see if they significantly different from one another a) One-group t-test b) Anova test c) Two group t-test d) Chi square test 50. When a researcher is attempting to predict sales volume by using building permit, amount of advertising, and the income levels of residents the researcher is using a) Univariate analysis b) A chi-square analysis c) Multiple regressions analysis d) Factor analysis We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Market Research Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Market Research Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Market Research Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer